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Nuclear Medicine has greatly contributed to the diagnosis and
treament of neuroendocrine neoplasms. This issue of PET Clinics
will focus not only on the diagnosis and treatment of
neuroendocrine tumors, but also theranostics. Topics include SPECT
and other PET tracers, F-DOPA, Ga-DOTA-peptides, Yttrium- and
Lutetium-based therapy, and the role of FDG PET. It also covers key
information of theranostics.
Nuclear medicine is a medical imaging specialty involving the use
of radioactive compounds for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
As a medical branch, it is considered part of Diagnostic Imaging,
but differs substantially from Radiology with respect to the source
of the radiation made visible by the diagnostic devices. Nuclear
medicine adopts also some types of radioactive emissions for
therapeutic purposes, allowing the employment of the metabolic
properties of the radiopharmaceuticals for the cure of certain
clinical conditions and malignant diseases.Nuclear medicine is a
relatively recent discipline and owes its origins to the discovery
of natural radioactivity and the development of the first
instruments for medical diagnostics. From the introduction of the
first gamma camera of Anger, the technology has greatly improved.
The evolution has led to the development of SPECT and PET
technology and in the recent years to the introduction of hybrid
tomographs allowing the combination in one session of both
functional and morphological images.The purpose of this textbook is
to illustrate synthetically the principals of nuclear medicine
diagnostics, with reference both to the technical part and main
clinical indications. The booklet is addressed primarily to the
degree courses for technologists, but can be reasonably used in
other courses and medical training programs where there is
necessity for relatively simple, yet complete and clinically
relevant concepts of nuclear medicine discipline. As a complement,
the manuscript will end with a dedicated section summarizing some
concepts of nuclear medicine therapy.
This atlas is intended to enable nuclear medicine practitioners who
routinely read PET/CT scans to recognize the most common CT
abnormalities. Reading PET/CT scans can sometimes be challenging.
It is not infrequent, in fact, to encounter abnormal findings in CT
images (not related to the neoplastic disease under evaluation)
that are functionally silent and therefore difficult to interpret
for nuclear medicine practitioners. Frequently, these findings are
clinically relevant and should be reported, interpreted and
compared to previous scans. This may also have an impact on patient
management, since expensive tests like PET/CT are expected to
provide the highest level of diagnostic information. Generally, CT
images associated with a PET scan are acquired in a low-dose
modality, and therefore prove to be sub-optimal for CT image
interpretation. Sometimes a comparison with a full-resolution and
contrast-enhanced CT atlas may be difficult. Low-dose CT slices are
thicker than diagnostic CT and offer less anatomical detail, which
can affect accuracy in terms of recognizing both anatomical
structures and pathological findings. Today it is becoming
increasingly common to acquire a standard PET/CT by combining the
administration of contrast media and a diagnostic CT; here, too,
basic CT reporting skills are needed in clinical practice. This
atlas features a chapter on "normal anatomy" (with and without
contrast media) that is based on low-dose and full-dose CT images
from PET/CT standard acquisition, and which identifies all the
relevant anatomical structures. Other chapters (focusing on the
thorax, abdomen, pelvis, and musculoskeletal system) present cases
with common and uncommon anatomical abnormalities. The addition of
new cases with ceCT in this revised second edition rounds out the
coverage of PET/CT reporting. Given its scope, the book will be of
interest to nuclear medicine physicians, radiologists, and
oncologists alike.
This new atlas, the fourth of a successful series, is a completely
revised and updated edition of a previously published FDG PET-CT
atlas. In the past few years, considerable progress has been made
in the field of PET-CT imaging, and this new edition takes full
account of these recent developments. Furthermore, its educational
mission has been broadened: beyond serving as a straightforward
guide to FDG PET-CT imaging it now encompasses the integrative use
of contrast-enhanced CT and MRI. The new edition also includes
non-oncological indications for FDG PET-CT. The atlas aims to help
imaging practitioners to recognize physiological and benign
pathological FDG uptake and illustrates in a case-based, practical
manner the PET-CT appearances of all the major tumors and
infectious, inflammatory, and neurodegenerative disorders. The main
clinical applications are covered, and learning points and pitfalls
are clearly articulated. The consistent, user-friendly format
facilitates image interpretation and allows rapid review of key
information needed for FDG PET-CT imaging.
This atlas is a concise but comprehensive guide to the diverse
patterns of response to immunotherapy as observed on Positron
Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (PET/CT) and other
conventional imaging modalities, including CT and Magnetic
Resonance Imaging (MRI). The purpose for this publication is to
fill the gap between the growing clinical relevance and utilization
of immunotherapy in medical oncology, mainly based on checkpoint
inhibitors, and the need for experienced imagers with reliable
tools assessing response to treatment. A series of disease-oriented
chapters will present the imaging findings during immunotherapy in
the major oncological settings, with helpful comparison of
functional (PET/CT) and morphological (CT/MRI) patterns of response
in individual cases. To complete the atlas, a dedicated chapter
will focus on major pitfalls and immune-related adverse events
(irAEs) affecting image interpretation during the course of
immunotherapy. The concluding chapter will lastly examine the
available data and potential developments of immuno-PET, which is
considered as the novel frontier of research in this oncological
scenario. The atlas will be of high value for radiologists and
nuclear medicine specialists at all levels of experience.
The field of nuclear medicine has evolved rapidly in recent years,
and one very important aspect of this progress has been the
introduction of hybrid imaging systems. PET-CT has already gained
widespread acceptance in many clinical settings, especially within
oncology, and now SPECT-CT promises to emulate its success. Useful
applications of this new approach have been identified not only in
oncology but also in endocrinology, cardiology, internal medicine,
and other specialties. This atlas, which includes hundreds of
high-quality images, is a user-friendly guide to the optimal use
and interpretation of SPECT-CT. The full range of potential
SPECT-CT applications in clinical routine is considered and
assessed by acknowledged experts. The book is designed to serve as
a reference text for both nuclear physicians and radiologists; it
will also provide fundamental support for radiographers,
technologists, and nuclear medicine and radiology residents.
This atlas is a superb guide to the use of PET-CT for the
evaluation of treatment response in oncology patients based on its
ability to assess tumor metabolic status. The first part of the
book explains the role of PET-CT in response evaluation in
different treatment settings. For comparison, overviews of the
value and limitations of CT alone, PET alone, and anatomical and
functional MRI are included. Guidance is also provided on the
reporting of PET-CT scans in post-therapy scenarios. The second
part of the book describes and illustrates the use of PET-CT with
FDG and other tracers to assess the treatment response of
malignancies at different anatomic sites. Featuring a wealth of
images, informative case-based discussion, and evidence-based
teaching points, these disease-specific chapters clearly
demonstrate the key role that PET-CT can play in distinguishing
early responders from patients who are non-responders or are
resistant to treatment. Prompt and accurate evaluation of treatment
response is vital as we enter the era of individualized medicine,
and this atlas will persuade readers of the considerable advantages
of PET-CT over conventional radiological and clinical methods.
This is the first book to explore the epistemology and ethics of
advanced imaging tests, in order to improve the critical
understanding of the nature of knowledge they provide and the
practical consequences of their utilization in healthcare. Advanced
medical imaging tests, such as PET and MRI, have gained center
stage in medical research and in patients' care. They also
increasingly raise questions that pertain to philosophy: What is
required to be an expert in reading images? How are standards for
interpretation to be fixed? Is there a problem of overutilization
of such tests? How should uncertainty be communicated to patients?
How to cope with incidental findings? This book is of interest and
importance to scholars of philosophy of medicine at all levels,
from undergraduates to researchers, to medical researchers and
practitioners (radiologists and nuclear physicians) interested in a
critical appraisal of the methodology of their discipline and in
the ethical principles and consequences of their work.
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